We have created users and groups. In this recipe, you will work with default file permissions for users and groups, as well as see how to modify those permissions.

Getting ready

Create two users, user1 and user2. Create new group editor and add user1 and user2 as members.

How to do it…

Follow these steps to manage file permissions, follow these steps:

To change groups for files and directories:

Log in with user1.

Create a new directory documents under home:

user1@ubuntu:~$ mkdir documents

Create a text file under documents:

user1@ubuntu:~$ echo "hello world"> documents/file.txt

Now log in with user2:

user1@ubuntu:~$ su user2

Try to edit the same text file. It should say Permission denied:

user2@ubuntu:/home/user1$ echo "hello again">documents/file.txt

log in as user1 and change the group of documents to editor:

user1@ubuntu:~$ chgrp -R editor documents

Switch to user2 and try editing the same file. Now it should work:

To set permissions with chmod, follow these steps:

Create simple shell script with the following command:

$ echo 'echo "Hello World!!"'> hello.sh

Execute a shell script with the following command:

$ ./hello.sh

Set executable permission to hello.sh with the following command:

$ chmod u+x hello.sh

Check new permission with the following command:

$ ls -l

Execute hello.sh again.

To protect shared files with sticky bit, follow these steps:

Log in as user1 and set sticky bit for directory documents:

user1@ubuntu:~$ chmod +t documents

Log in as user2 and create a new file.

Try to delete any file under documents. It should fail.

How it works…

When you create a new file or directory in Ubuntu, the default permissions for files are read and write access to owner and owner’s private group, along with read, write, and execute access for directories. You can check the default setting with umask -S.

In our example, we have user1 and user2. Both of them are members of the editor group. When user1 creates a file, the default permissions are limited to user1 and its private group (user1) named after the user account. This is the reason user2 sees Permission denied on editing file. By changing the group of documents to editor we allow all members of editor to read and write to files in documents.

With the chmod command, we can set permissions at a more granular level. In our example of hello.sh, we have set the executable permission for hello.sh. Similarly, we can set read permission as follows:

$chmod +r filename

To set write permission, use the following command:

$chmod +w filename

You can set more selective permissions with additional parameters before mode expression as follows:

$chmod ugo+x filename

Here, u sets the permission for user, g for group, and o for all others.

To remove permissions, replace + with -. For example, $chmod o-w filename. Alternatively, you can use the Octal format to specify permissions:

$chmod 777 filename

This gives read, write, and execute permission to user group and others, whereas the command $chmod 600 filename gives set, read, and write permissions for owner and no permission to groups and others. In Octal format [777], the first bit is used for the user or owner of the file, the second bit is for group, and the third bit is for everyone else. Check out the following table for more information:

Finally, when you share files within a group of users, there are chances that someone deletes the file that is required by other users. Sticky bit can protect these file from deletion. When sticky bit is set, only the owner or a user with root privileges can delete a file.

You can set sticky bit with the command chmod as $chmod +t directoryName. Sticky bit is shown in long listing (ls -l) with symbol t or T. Additionally, sticky bit works only with directories and is ignored on ordinary files.

Many times when working as a root user, all files and directories created are owned by root. A non-root user can’t write to these directories or files. You can use the command chown to change the ownership of such files and assign them to respective users.

To change ownership of a file, use the following command:

$chown newuser filename

To change the owner as well as the group of file, use the following command:

$chown newuser:newgroup filename

You can skip changing owner and change only the group with the following command:

$chown :newgroup filename

Note that the chown command can only be used by users with root privileges.